Home / Company News / Flue Gas Treatment in Waste To Energy Plants

Flue Gas Treatment in Waste To Energy Plants

Views: 3     Author: XICHEN EP LTD     Publish Time: 2025-07-19      Origin: XICHEN EP LTD

Flue Gas Treatment in Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Plants

Advanced Solutions for Clean Energy Generation

Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plants convert municipal solid waste (MSW) into electricity/heat but produce toxic flue gases (HCl, SO₂, NOx, dioxins, heavy metals). Effective flue gas treatment is critical to meet environmental regulations (EU IED, US EPA, China GB 18485). Below are key technologies and processes used globally.

1. Composition of Flue Gas in WTE Plants

Pollutant Concentration Range Source Health/Environmental Risk
Dust/Particulates 1,000–5,000 mg/Nm³ Incomplete combustion Respiratory diseases
HCl 200–1,000 mg/Nm³ PVC, plastics Corrosion, acid rain
SO₂ 50–500 mg/Nm³ Rubber, textiles Acid rain, lung damage
NOx 100–400 mg/Nm³ High-temperature combustion Smog, ozone depletion
Dioxins/Furans 0.1–10 ng TEQ/Nm³ Chlorinated waste Carcinogenic, bioaccumulative
Hg/Cd/Pb 0.01–5 mg/Nm³ Batteries, electronics Neurotoxicity, soil contamination

IMG_9642

2. Flue Gas Treatment Process (Step-by-Step)

(1) Primary Treatment: Dust Removal

  • Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)

    • Removes 99% of fly ash (efficiency: <10 mg/Nm³).

    • Operating Temp: 200–300°C (before quenching).

  • Fabric Filter (Baghouse)

    • Used with activated carbon injection for dioxin/heavy metal adsorption.

    • Material: PTFE-coated fiberglass (resists acid gases).

(2) Acid Gas Removal (Wet/Dry Scrubbing)

Technology Reagents Efficiency Pros & Cons
Wet Scrubber NaOH/Ca(OH)₂ slurry HCl: >99% ✅ High efficiency
❌ Wastewater
Semi-Dry Scrubber Lime slurry + spray drying SO₂: 90% ✅ No wastewater
❌ Higher reagent use
Dry Scrubbing NaHCO₃ powder HCl/SO₂: 85% ✅ Compact design
❌ Frequent replacement

(3) NOx Reduction (SCR/SNCR)

  • Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

    • Uses NH₃/urea + catalyst (V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂) at 180–400°C.

    • Efficiency: >90% NOx removal.

  • Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

    • Injects ammonia at 900–1,100°C (less efficient: 30–70%).

(4) Dioxin & Heavy Metal Removal

  • Activated Carbon Injection (ACI)

    • Powdered AC adsorbs dioxins (99%) + Hg (90%).

    • Dosage: 50–200 mg/Nm³.

  • Catalytic Filters (DeNOx + DeDioxin)

    • Combined SCR + dioxin destruction (e.g., Haldor Topsoe’s SNOX).

(5) Final Polishing

  • Wet ESP or HEPA Filter for sub-micron particles.

  • Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEMS) for real-time compliance.

Wet scrubber waste gas treatment process

3. Comparison of Global Standards

Region Standard Emission Limits (mg/Nm³)
EU IED (2010/75/EU) HCl: 10, SO₂: 50, NOx: 200, Dust: 10
USA EPA MACT HCl: 25, SO₂: 30, NOx: 150, Hg: 0.005
China GB 18485-2014 HCl: 60, SO₂: 100, NOx: 300, Dioxins: 0.1 ng TEQ

4. Latest Innovations

  • Plasma-Assisted Catalysis (Break down dioxins at low temps).

  • AI-Optimized Reagent Dosing (Reduces chemical consumption by 20%).

  • Carbon Capture (Amine scrubbing for CO₂ from WTE flue gas).


Conclusion

Modern WTE plants integrate multi-stage flue gas treatment to achieve near-zero emissions. Wet scrubbing + SCR + ACI is the gold standard, while semi-dry systems dominate in space-constrained areas. Future trends focus on energy recovery and AI-driven optimization.


 Copyrights 2021 China Xicheng EP Ltd  All rights reserved. 
We use cookies to enable all functionalities for best performance during your visit and to improve our services by giving us some insight into how the website is being used. Continued use of our website without having changed your browser settings confirms your acceptance of these cookies. For details please see our privacy policy.
×